Photobiomodulation therapy decreases free fatty acid generation and release in adipocytes to ameliorate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

The current results indicated that PBMT inhibited FFA generation and release in insulin-resistant adipocytes and reduced plasma FFA levels in diabetic db/db mice and HFD-fed mice. Therefore, PBMT might ameliorate whole-body insulin resistance in diabetic mice. GTT analysis indicated that glucose tolerance was markedly enhanced in db/db mice after PBMT (Fig. 5D, E). Meanwhile, insulin sensitivity was also elevated in laser-treated db/db mice (Fig. 5F, G). In HFD-fed mice, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were also improved after PBMT (Fig. 5H–K). These results indicate that PBMT could improve whole-body insulin resistance in diabetic mice PBMT promoted mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which inhibited phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and promoted protein kinase B (AKT) activation. Photoactivation of AKT inhibited the transcriptional activity of Forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FoxO1), reducing expression of lipolytic enzymes and FFA generation and release. Eliminating ROS elimination or inhibiting AKT blocked the effects of the laser therapy in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, PBMT suppresses FFA generation and release in insulin-resistant adipocytes, contributing to improvement of insulin resistance in mouse models of type 2 diabetes.

Bone marrow coagulated and low-level laser therapy accelerate bone healing by enhancing angiogenesis, cell proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization

Groups BMA/LLLT and LLLT presented significantly higher VEGF expression than group control. Group BMA/LLLT presented a significantly higher expression of PCNA than all experimental groups. Groups BMA and BMA/LLLT presented significantly higher expression of BMP-2 than all experimental groups. Groups LLLT and BMA/LLLT presented significantly higher expression of OPN than groups control and BMA. Groups LLLT, BMA, and BMA/LLLT presented a significantly higher expression of OCN than group control. It can be concluded that the association of BMA and LLLT enhanced bone healing by improving expression of VEGF, PCNA, Runx2, BMP-2, OPN, and OCN

Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Therapy or Low-Level Laser Therapy: Which is More Effective in Bone Healing in Bisphosphonate Treatment?

The highest new bone volume was observed in the early LLLT+ESWT. New vessel volume and CD31 expression were found to be high in the LLLT group. matrixmetalloproteinaze (MMP)-2 expression was found increased by the application of LLLT and ESWT. The LLLT and ESWT have similar effect on socket healing in the early period and that co-use is more effective upon healing. The LLLT has been shown to increase CD31 expression and increase vascularization and soft-tissue healing.

Marine collagen scaffolds and photobiomodulation on bone healing process in a model of calvaria defects.

Histological findings demonstrated that SPG/PBM-treated animals, 45 days post-surgery, demonstrated a higher amount of connective and newly formed bone tissue at the region of the defect compared to CG. Notwithstanding, no difference among groups were observed in the histomorphometry. Interestingly, for both anti-transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunostaining, higher values for SPG/PBM, at 45 days post-surgery could be observed.

Osteogenic Potential of Bovine Bone Graft in Combination with Laser Photobiomodulation: An Ex Vivo Demonstrative Study in Wistar Rats by Cross-Linked Studies Based on Synchrotron Microtomography and Histology.

We demonstrated that using photobiomodulation provides a better healing effect than when receiving only the support of the biomaterial. This effect has been evident for short times treatments, i.e., during the first 14 days after surgery.

Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Diabetic Bone Healing.

The LLLT was effective to stimulate osteoblastogenesis but failed to increase bone formation. Graft augmentation for treatment of bone defects seems essential for proper bone healing in diabetes, regeneration may be supported by the LLLT to enhance osteoblastogenesis.

The influence of LLLT applied on applied on calvarial defect in rats under effect of cigarette smoke.

Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the PBM protocol used provided adjunctive effect on osteogenesis and may compensate the negative factor of smoking in the bone repair process.

904 nm Low-Level Laser Irradiation Decreases Expression of Catabolism-Related Genes in White Adipose Tissue of Wistar Rats: Possible Roles of Laser on Metabolism.

We demonstrated that the low-level laser irradiation was able to increase the feed intake of the animals and the relative mass of the adipose tissue in the CTL (L) group compared with CTL. Laser treatment also increases serum triglycerides [CTL = 46.99 ± 5.87; CTL (L) = 57.46 ± 14.38; CAF = 43.98 ± 5.17; and CAF (L) = 56.9 ± 6.12; p = 0.007] and total cholesterol (CTL = 70.62 ± 6.80; CTL (L) = 79.41 ± 13.07; CAF = 71.01 ± 5.52; and CAF (L) = 79.23 ± 6.881; p = 0.003). Laser PBM decreased gene expression of the studied genes in the adipose tissue, indicating that PBM is able to block the catabolic responses of this tissue. Interestingly, the CAF (L) and CAF animals presented the same CLT (L) phenotype, however, without increasing the feed intake and the relative weight of the adipose tissue. The description of these phenomena opens a new perspective for the study of the action of low-level laser in adipose tissue.

Infrared photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy improves glucose metabolism and intracellular insulin pathway in adipose tissue of high-fat fed mice.

PBM therapy improved glucose tolerance and phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and reversed the HFD-induced reduction of GLUT4 content and phosphorylation of AS160 (Ser588). Also, PBM therapy reversed the increased area of epididymal and mesenteric adipocytes. The total serum cholesterol was not affected by diet (diet main effect p = 0.39), but there was a PBM main effect (p = 0.047). Post hoc revealed that PBM reduced total serum cholesterol (p = 0.043), regardless of diet treatment (Fig. 3b). In the present study, PBM therapy did not alter HFD-induced increase in fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, as assessed by HOMA-IR. On the other hand, PBM therapy improved glucose intolerance in HFD-fed mice. Also, PBM therapy reversed the increased area of epididymal and mesenteric adipocytes. The results showed that chronic PBM therapy improved parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance in HFD-induced obesity in mice.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on abdominal adipocytes before lipoplasty procedures.

Recently, low-level laser therapy was reported to liquefy or release stored fat in adipocytes by the opening of specialized yet not identified cell membrane-associated pores after a brief treatment. No histologic tissue changes or specifically in adipocyte structure were observed at any depth with the longest low-level laser therapy (60 minutes with superwet fluid). These data do not support the belief that low-level laser therapy treatment before lipoplasty procedures disrupts tissue adipocyte structure.

Effect of low-level laser therapy and zoledronic acid on bone repair process

In intergroup comparison, group 1 (mean ± SD= 45.2 ± 18.56%) showed a lower bone formation compared with groups 2 (64.13 ± 3.51%) (p = 0.358) and 4 (15.2 ± 78.22%) (p = 0.049), at the 14-day period. Group 3 (20.99 ± 7.42%) also presented a lower amount of neoformed bone tissue, with statistically significant difference when compared with groups 1 (p = 0.002), 2, and 4 (p ≤ 0,001). After 28 days, group 1 presented a lower amount of neoformed bone tissue compared with the other groups, with p = 0.020. Thus, it was concluded that LLLT associated with zoledronic acid is effective for stimulating bone formation in surgically created defects in rats, at the periods studied.

Photobiomodulation Therapy in Bone Repair Associated with Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Guided Bone Regeneration: A Histomorphometric Study

Histological analysis confirmed the histomorphometric results, with the experimental groups showing bone neoformation of significantly higher quality and quantity at the end of 30 days compared with the control group. PBMT was effective for bone repair mainly when associated with BMPs and a biological membrane. The results of this study are promising and stimulate further scientific and clinical research.

Low-level laser-assisted liposculpture: clinical report of 700 cases.

Excellent aesthetic results, including an improved silhouette contour, smooth abdominal surface, and good skin retraction, were obtained in 95% of cases. Postoperative recovery was rapid, and complications were minimal.

Fat liquefaction: effect of low-level laser energy on adipose tissue.

The low-level laser energy affected the adipose cell by causing a transitory pore in the cell membrane to open, which permitted the fat content to go from inside to outside the cell. The cells in the interstitial space and the capillaries remained intact. Low-level laser-assisted lipoplasty has a significant impact on the procedural implementation of lipoplasty techniques. Comment: These results were unsupported by Brown et al. paper published in 2004.

Laser Photobiomodulation 904 nm Promotes Inhibition of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Differentiated Cells.

The response of laser photobiomodulation was able to trigger an inhibition of HSL activity

Action of low-level laser therapy on living fatty tissue of rats.

Low-level laser rays cause brown adipose fat droplets to coalesce and fuse. Additionally, they stimulated proliferation and congestion of capillaries in the extracellular matrix. Comment: Parameters were poorly reported: spot area (cm2) and radiant energy (J) were not mentioned.

Use of low-energy laser as adjunct treatment of alcohol addiction.

Improvement in BDI-FS and increase in, beta-endorphin level were observed. These results suggest that laser therapy can be useful as an adjunct treatment for alcoholism.

Effects of low-level laser therapy on autogenous bone graft stabilized with a new heterologous fibrin sealant.

In conclusion, low-level laser therapy stimulated bone regeneration and accelerated the process of integration of autogenous bone grafts.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on incorporation of block allografts.

Deep-freeze-processed block allografts followed by LLLT showed incorporation at the graft-host interface, moderate bone remodeling, partial filling of osteocyte lacunae, less inflammatory infiltrate in the early postoperative period, and higher collagen deposition than the control group.

Influence of low-level laser irradiation on osteocalcin protein and gene expression in bone tissue.

Immunocytochemistry scores showed no significant differences between control and laser groups either in vivo and in vitro. Gene expression also showed no statistical differences. Low-level laser irradiation did not alter osteocalcin protein and gene expression in vivo and in vitro in the studied period but it may have been expressed them in an earlier period.

Low-level laser therapy stimulates bone metabolism and inhibits root resorption during tooth movement in a rodent model.

Taken together, our results indicate that LLLT can stimulate bone remodeling reducing root resorption in a rat model. LLLT improves tooth movement via bone formation and bone resorption in a rat model.

Low-level laser therapy associated to a resistance training protocol on bone tissue in diabetic rats.

In conclusion, it can be suggested that the resistance exercise program stimulated bone metabolism, culminating in increased cortical tibial area, bone mineral content, bone mineral density and biomechanical properties. Furthermore, the association of physical exercises and LLLT produced higher values for bone mineral content and stiffness. Star: Parameters were well reported.

Infrared laser and bone metabolism: a pilot study.

A circular defect in each parietal bone of six Wislander rats was created. The animals were divided into two three-unit subgroups. The experimental group received infrared laser radiation on the left defect. The control group was sham irradiated. After 28 days, the bone metabolism was evaluated by technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy. The obtained results revealed no differences in bone metabolic activity between the laser-treated and the control defects.

The effect of low level laser irradiation on bone cell culture

A significant increase in DNA synthesis was observed at the wavelengths of 632.8, 635 and 830 nm, depending on the energy density level. A decrease was found at 780 nm. These findings suggest a possible therapeutic use of LLLI in the process of bone repair.

Effects of laser acupuncture on longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats.

In conclusion, LA promotes longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats, suggesting that laser acupuncture may be a promising intervention for improving the growth potential for children and adolescents.

Preconditioning adipose-derived stem cells with photobiomodulation significantly increased bone healing in a critical size femoral defect in rats

Evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy associated with guided bone regeneration in critical size defects. In vivo study.

All groups had greater area of newly formed bone compared to group C (9.96±4.49%). The group PBMT+M (achieved the greater quantity of new bone (64.09±7.62%), followed by groups PBMT (47.67±8.66%), M (47.43±15.73%), AB+PBMT (39.15±16.72%) and AB+PBMT+M (35.82±7.68%). After group C, the groups AB (25.10±16.59%) and AB+M (22.72±13.83%) had the smallest quantities of newly formed bone. The area of remaining particles did not have statistically significant difference between groups AB+M (14.93±8.92%) and AB+PBMT+M (14.76±6.58%).

Effect of low-level laser therapy on fracture healing in rabbits.

Findings suggest that in this study, laser treatment did not enhance callus formation nor reduce repair time of complete fracture of the radius in rabbits.

Low level laser therapy accelerates bone healing in spinal cord injured rats.

The results of the histological and morphometric evaluation demonstrated that the SL group showed a larger amount of newly formed bone compared to the SC group. Moreover, a significant immunoexpression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was observed in the SL group. There was no statistical difference in the biomechanical evaluation. In conclusion, the results suggest that LLLT accelerated the process of bone repair in rats with complete SCI.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on repair of the bone compromised by radiotherapy.

The result demonstrated a positive local biostimulative effect of LLLT in normal bone. However, LLLT was not able to revert the bone metabolic damage due to ionizing radiation. Note: The parameters in the abstract contradict the parameters given in the full text.